According to search-discovered classical Islamic scholarship, **Hirabah** (حرابة) is a major crime, defined in Quran 5:33 as 'waging war against Allah and His Messenger and striving to spread corruption in the land' (*fasad fil-ard*). Classical jurists like Ibn Kathir and Al-Qurtubi interpret this to include acts that terrorize society, threaten public security, and undermine order, such as armed robbery, banditry, and piracy. It is one of the *hudud* crimes with divinely prescribed punishments, ranging from execution and crucifixion to amputation or exile, to be applied by a legitimate state authority based on the crime's severity. The linguistic analysis by scholars like Al-Tabari links Hirabah to the root for 'war' (*harb*), emphasizing its nature as an assault on the entire community. Crucially, this severe legal framework is balanced by divine mercy in Quran 5:34, which states that if the perpetrators repent *before* they are apprehended, the *hadd* punishment is lifted, though they remain accountable for private rights. Contemporary scholars often discuss Hirabah as the closest classical legal concept to modern terrorism, due to its focus on spreading fear and disrupting societal peace.